Posts Tagged ‘Environmental Engineering’

Improving Earthquake-Resistant Structures

Courtesy of cee-neesmrit1.cee.illinois.edu

Courtesy of cee-neesmrit1.cee.illinois.edu


A team of researchers from Stanford University and the University of Illinois have designed a new structural system that allows a building to be more earthquake-resistant.

When a quake strikes, the new system dissipates energy through steel frames in the building’s core and exterior. These frames are free to rock up and down within fittings fixed at their bases. Steel tendons made from twisted steel cables run the length of each frame, keeping the frames from moving so much that the building could shear. When the quake stops, these tensile tendons pull the frames back down into the “shoes” at their bases, returning the building to its plumb, upright position.

Greg Deirlein, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and team lead of the project, explains, “This new structural system has the potential to make buildings far more damage resistant and easier to repair, so people could reoccupy buildings a lot faster after a major earthquake than they can now… What is unique about these frames is that, unlike conventional systems, they actually rock off their foundation under large earthquakes.”

The technology, which just completed testing at Japan’s Hyogo Earthquake Engineering Research Center, is the culmination of more than a decade of ideas and previous-gen technologies. While many elements of the system have been tested before, this is the first time they’ve been melded into a complete system and successfully put through the motions. For testing, the team constructed a three-quarters-size model of a standard three-story office building, with a footprint 120 by 180 feet, and a mass comparable to a full-size building. Then they shook the hell out of it. Even at a magnitude 1.75 times that of the 1994 Northridge earthquake — itself a 6.7 on the Richter scale — the only damage recorded in the frame was in the replaceable fuses.

Resources:
*New design keeps buildings standing and habitable after major earthquakes via www.physorg.com
*New Earthquake-Resistant Design Pulls Buildings Upright After Violent Quakes by Clay Dillow


Rice Concrete Cuts Greenhouse Emissions

Rice Concrete Cuts Greenhouse Emissions

A new way of processing rice husks for use in concrete could lead to a boom in green construction.

Rice husks form small cases around edible kernels of rice and are rich in silicon dioxide (SiO2), an essential ingredient in concrete. Scientists have recognized the potential value of rice husks as a building material for decades, but past attempts to burn it produced an ash too contaminated with carbon to be useful as a cement substitute.

Now, Rajan Vempati of ChK Group, Inc. in Plano, Texas, and a team of researchers have figured out a way to make nearly carbon-free rice husk ash. Heating husks to 800 degrees centigrade (1,472 degrees Fahrenheit) in an oxygen-free furnace drives off carbon, leaving fine particles of nearly pure silica behind.

“The process emits some CO2, but it’s carbon neutral. Any that we emit goes back annually into the rice paddies,” Vempati said.

Related: Engineering Fly Ash BricksSandwich Brick, Reusing Waste MaterialTX Active CementUW-Madison Wins 4th Concrete Canoe Competition


Students Secure Funding To Develop Solar-Powered Pasteurization System

A team of students from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute will be spending part of the summer designing and starting to build solar-powered pasteurization systems for communities in rural Peru.

The group of engineers, led by Assistant Professor Lupita D. Montoya, was one of four student teams nationally to win a highly competitive Summer Engineering Experience in Development (SEED) grant from nonprofit volunteer organization Engineers for a Sustainable World (ESW).

The project aims to help the Langui and Canas community in southern Peru by developing affordable, solar-powered pasteurization equipment. Many families in the region have dairy cows and produce milk, yogurt, and cheeses on a small scale, but cannot obtain certification to market these products because they lack proper sanitation equipment. The new pasteurization systems will allow these families to meet governmental regulations and begin selling their dairy products and earning additional income.

“Currently farmers make dairy products for personal consumption and trade with neighbors. During our first trip people told us that they were looking to sell products beyond their town but needed certification,” said team member Tara Clancy, an environmental engineering major at Rensselaer who graduates this week. “Obtaining certification will enable farmers to strengthen their economic independence, but they won’t be able to be certified without direct access to water, energy, and sanitary facilities. That’s where we can start to implement appropriate technologies.”

This summer, Montoya, Rensselaer mechanical engineering doctoral student Erin Lennox, and rising junior Anna Cyganowski will volunteer their time in Langui and Lima, Peru. Along with working on the design and engineering of pasteurization devices, they will partner with students from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) to investigate the social and economic aspects of creating a dairy enterprise. This effort will include examining how the community currently produces dairy products, looking into local manufacturing regulations, and studying the local marketplace. The student team also plans to work with microfinance experts in Peru to make small loans to families to purchase the equipment and improve facilities. A student supported by the Office of the Vice Provost for Entrepreneurship at Rensselaer will also join this team.

Lennox said. “It will be exciting and challenging for us to apply our engineering know-how to help them attain this important goal.”

“It’s rewarding to be involved with a real-world project and know that your hard work can have a direct positive impact on not just one person, but an entire community,” Cyganowski said.

The project builds on past humanitarian engineering work by Montoya to challenge students to develop new, affordable technologies to help improve the quality of life in rural Peru. These student innovations are currently installed or housed in the project flagship Ecological Home for the Andes, which serves as a community training site in Langui and aims to showcase the technologies for nearby communities.

Founded in 2001, the ESW is “an engaged technical community with the vision of changing the world through engineering education, innovation, and practical action,” and seeks to stimulate and foster an increased and more diverse community of engineers, as well as infuse sustainability into the practice and studies of every engineer.

Read more about the efforts.

Read: Engineering a Better WorldHigh School Inventor Teams @ MITEngineers Without BordersKiva Fellows Blog: Nepalese Entrepreneur SuccessThe PlayPump System


Hurricane Proof Roofs

As some scientists predict that hurricanes will grow stronger and more frequent over the next century, Greg Kopp, a researcher and civil engineering professor at the University of Western Ontario, is engineering a way to lessen their destructive impacts. Oftentimes, during a hurricane, the roof of the house is the first part of the house to fail. Their project, dubbed “Three Little Pigs”, aims to discover what is responsible for this, and to engineer a solution. To conduct their research, engineers constructed a steel hanger, containing a full scale house and pressure boxes capable of simulating the wind and turbulence effects of up to a Category 5 hurricane.

Preliminary tests yielded some unexpected results, such as the location of the roof’s initial failure. “The thing that surprised us most is [that] it failed on the leeward side of the house. We had all expected it to fail on the windward side first,” said Kopp, in an interview with CNN Now that they better understand the behavior of the house under stress, researchers will continue their project, focusing in on smaller details, and on how to prevent future failures.


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